Day 24 – Q 5. Examine the factors that led to the creation of the European Union. Was it successful? Critically examine. 

5. Examine the factors that led to the creation of the European Union. Was it successful? Critically examine.  

उन कारकों की जांच करें जिनके कारण यूरोपीय संघ का निर्माण हुआ। क्या यह सफल रहा? समालोचनात्मक जांच करें।

Introduction:

The Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, cementing an economic agreement between six European countries that ultimately paved the way to today’s European Union. EU is a political and economic union of 28 states formed by the Maastricht treaty in 1992 located primarily in Europe.

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Factors led to the formation of European union:

The second world war had exhausted the Europe with industries in ruins and defence being weak. A single country wouldn’t have survived the newly started cold war and the countries came together to address the same and formed ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community). It later evolved into the EU.

• Political factors: The European Union is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbors, which culminated in the Second World War. With communism and dictatorship on the rise, EU wanted to promote democracy, freedom, human dignity, Rule of law and Human rights.
• Economic factor: The world war had destroyed the economy of Europe and the countries came together to ease the trade and to be more competitive in the global marketplace. At the same time, it must balance the needs of its independent fiscal and political members.
• Handling common global issues: like terrorism, migration issue and so on which was gaining on the circumstances. The Maastricht treaty broadened the EU’s scope, to include both economic and social issues – like education, public health, technological development, and environmental protection, to name a few.
• Safeguard the culture and respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity which was under threat after the world war and later during cold war.

The shortcomings of European union are mainly cited for the Brexit and there is a wave of Euroscepticism posing serious challenges to the EU. Yet EU is successful over the years in many aspects.

Achievements of European union:

• World’s largest single market: with labor market mobility, the free movement of goods, services and capital. This in turn has boosted the economic activity making the EU accounting for 23% of world GDP.
• It gave more than 500 million people the freedom to live, study or work anywhere within the EU member states. The EU also created the Schengen Area, a zone of passport-free, borderless travel.
• EU is instrumental in maintaining peace and it was awarded Nobel peace prize in 2012 for contributing to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe. As a upholder of Human rights, it also banished death penalty. 
• For a country to join the EU, it needs to meet three criteria: political, with stable institutions underpinning democracy; economic, with a functioning market economy; and legal, with the acceptance of EU law and practice. Under this process, a number of former dictatorships and ailing ex-communist economies made peaceful transitions.
• Programs on Global issues like
  • The EU has the biggest programme of environmental legislation in the world. It also ratified the Paris agreement and collectively contributing to address environmental concerns.
  • EU Counter terrorism strategy, rules to fight money laundering and terror financing etc.,

Shortcomings of European union:

• Crisis in Europe: one of the main reasons for the formation of European union is to bring political stability. However, EU failed many times during the cold war period including bifurcation of Germany, Balkan wars of 1990s and so on.
• Immigration crisis: it was not aptly handled by the EU as per the experts which led to protests all over Europe and also a major reason of Brexit.
• Representation: EU is seen as Anti-Democratic due to it institutional setup. For the same reason there is Euro-skepticism and the citizens of EU feel excluded. The European Commission – the executive branch and most important organ of the Union – drafts the laws implemented in member-state countries. But the Commission is unelected by the people. This is against the purpose of EU which wanted to promote democratic values. 
• The economic model of EU is outdated and not catching up with the latest developments. There are no big technological giants competing with Google, Facebook etc., which has made EU redundant to its purpose of competitive economic union. This has made the economic growth weak leading to even Eurozone crisis. 
• The countries are not having control over monetary policies and due to hardline EU fiscal rules and suffering the deficit in growth. The failure of the EU to deliver led to Italy signing Belt and road Initiative.
• After the global financial crisis, instead of taking proactive measures, the EU rules mandated Austerity measures which only increased the Unemployment rates and low growth.

Conclusion

The EU was formed to give Europeans the convenience of one currency, to enhance mutual prosperity, and to reduce political tensions after centuries of animosity and war. However, rigid rules and undemocratic working of EU has created a problem to achieve its purpose. There is a need of reforms in the institutional setup to give flexibility for nations in times of crisis and handle sensitive issues like migration.